Astronomical Theories During the Time of Copernicus
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This is a 5 page paper discussing the Copernican theory and the considerations for and against it. During the time of Copernicus in the 16th century, astronomers were faced with the challenge of updating the calendar and the astronomical systems used for navigation because the calendars and methods used for centuries were proving to be inaccurate. To do this astronomers, like Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler, promoting the heliocentric theory had to refute the generally accepted physics of Aristotle which promoted the natural place of bodies resulted in their natural motion and the astronomy of Ptolemy which advocated the geocentric system of planetary motion in which the Earth was the center of the universe. Both theories were accepted by the powerful Catholic Church which believed that the geocentric system was also written in the Scriptures. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: TJCoper1.rtf

Baconianism and the Royal Society
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A paper which considers whether or not the Royal Society could be regarded as following Baconian scientific principles and the effect which Bacon had on scientific thought and methodology. Bibliography lists 5 sources
Filename: JLbacon.rtf

Basic Observations in Astronomy
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A 10 page overview of some of the basic premises of astronomy. Outlines the Big Bang theory and provides a description of Venus, Mars, and the four Jovian planets (Saturn, Pluto, Uranus, and Jupiter) in relation to the Earth and Sun, speculating on such anomalies as Venus’ retrograde rotation. Outlines the methodologies and theories utilized by astronomers such as the Doppler Effect, Wien’s Law, Absorption Spectrum, Stefan-Boltzmann Law, and the Emission Spectrum. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPastron.wps